Terrorism And Security In The Olympics Essays -

Terrorism And Security In The Olympics Terrorism and Security in the Olympics Security is a fundamental notion in sports. Nowadays athletes are viewed often through the media, therefore they are recognizable. In the Olympics security measures must be taken to protect the athletes. There are many different nationalities involved therefore security has to be taken in order to ensure that there aren't conflicting views that could possibly be damaging towards another team. But quite often it cannot be prevented. On the morning of September 5, 1972, the members of the Israeli delegation awoke in their quarters in the Olympic village to the desperate cries of wrestling referee Joseph Gottfreund. Eight Arab commandos (from the Palestinian terrorist organization Black September) broke into the Olympic compound in Munich. In an attempt to create time for an escape, Joseph Gottfreund tried to block off the door to the quarters in order to stall the intruders. He told his colleagues to leave the premises. The terrorist shot and killed him immediately along with Yaakov Springer, the weightlifting referee. Those in the adjoining apartments who were not woken by the muffled cries were woken from the sounds of machine guns. The commandos then took nine others of the eighteen-member Israeli Olympic team hostage. They then settled into the compound for a siege. The terrorists imprisoned and tied up the athletes and their coaches inside the apartments. They were moved into one of the delegates' room where they were guarded by eight of the terrorists. Their weapons included sub-machine guns, pistols and grenades. Moshe Weinberg, a wrestling referee, and Joseph Romano, a weightlifter, were killed during an effort to free themselves from the terrorists. Their reasons for holding the Israelis hostage were that they wanted to persuade the release of two hundred Arab guerrillas that were being held in Israel. The terrorists demanded that the prisoners be flown from Israel to an Arab country, allowing them free passage. West German officials negotiated with the Arab commandos with the help of the Tunisian Ambassador and the representative of the Arab League from Bonn. But unfortunately, this has no effect on what the commandos were trying to accomplish. Their demands were unreasonable, and the Israeli side would not budge from its views. In an attempt to save some of the Israeli hostages, two West German ministers of the interior offered themselves as replacements for the hostages. The Arabs refused this offer. It was obvious that the negotiations over the release of the hostages were not going to work. A new plan was put into effect. West German officials started to focus their time on getting the Arabs and their hostages out of the Olympic Village. This would allow German sharpshooters to put some control over the commandos. This seemed like a better alternative a pose to storming the compound and dangering the lives of the Israeli hostages and other athletes. Negotiations lasted until shortly after 9:00 p.m. The West Germans has successfully persuaded the Arab commandos to leave the compound with their hostages. The commandos agreed to leave on a flight to an Arab country together with their hostages. They made their was towards the Furstenfeldbruck military airport, a fifteen mile trek away from Munich. The Arab commandos anticipated that something could threaten their plans. In order to control their hostages they split them up into two groups and tied and blindfolded them. They were also aware of two potential traps the West Germans had set for them. The sharpshooters were placed along the path the Arab commandos had to walk their hostage's two helicopters that had flown them from Munich to a waiting jet. The nine Israeli sportsmen were led out handcuffed to each other to two helicopters, which were to fly them to the airport. This was the only opportunity the West Germans had to prevent the Arabs from leaving the country. As the first group of Arabs and hostages walked to the jet, shots rang out. No one is certain who opened fire first (be it the West German Sharpshooters or the Arab commandos). However when the West Germans began firing, or firing back, that was the beginning of the shooting of the Israeli hostages. The second commando group had barely left their

Clinical Decision Support Systems Essay Example

Clinical Decision Support Systems Essay Example Clinical Decision Support Systems Paper Clinical Decision Support Systems Paper Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This paper explores the world of clinical decision support systems(CDSS) and the effects they have in the work place. Also how many different types of CDSS such as Bayesian Network (BN), Neural Network(NN), Genetic Algorithms(GA),and MYCIN. This paper will describe key reasons why a decision support system might fail to meet a users expectations and suggest measures that could be taken to avoid such an outcome. Finally this paper will explain what decision tree induction(DTI) means and how it used for classification problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While alarms and alerts are the most common visible CDSS interventions, there are many more. I will describe many different types of CDSS and their uses in relation to their health care usage. CDSS have been being developed for years for use in the health care society. for the purpose of assistance of diagnosing and treating various illnesses. There is no defined outline for   CDSS as they adapt to the needs of physician and patient. Throughout this paper I will introduce various CDSS and their uses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most CDSS consist of   the knowledge base, inference engine, and a communication mechanism. The knowledge base contains the rules and guidelines of gathered data .   With this physicians can program a CDSS to think in an IF-THEN sense. It also allows to user to input additional or new information regarding the diagnoses or treatment of diseases. For example the if the machine is reading a diabetics blood sugar level and it is low then it alerts the physicians. However, some CDSS use a form of artificial intelligence to compile data, read the data, compare it to that of the patient and produce results. In other words it is basically a learning computer in which it takes information from previous account and uses them in the present.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is an adaptive CDSS that uses a form of artificial intelligence, that allows the systems to learn from past patients traits and symptoms and apply an educated guess on the symptoms of a current patient. It consists of nodes called neurodes and send signals between the neurodes in a sort of straight line approach. An ANN consists of 3 main components: Input (receiving data ), Output (informing of possible diseases) and Hidden (data processing). The system becomes more and more effective as it collects data from many patients.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ANN has many advantages such as the virtual elimination of needing to program the systems and providing input various information. The ANN CDSS can process incomplete data by making educated guesses about all other data collected from past experiences. Additionally, ANN systems do not require large data banks to store all of its information in. However ANN does have disadvantages as well such as the training process to new users may be very time consuming leading users to not make full use of the systems. Another down side being disease harboring similar symptoms may be mistaken for one another. Thus the ANN is a double-edged sword.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another less commonly used CDSS is a Genetic Algorithm (GA) a   method developed in the 1940s at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology based on Darwin’s evolutionary theories. These algorithms   form different combinations that are better than the previous solutions. Much like neural networks, the genetic algorithms receive their information from patient data.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Advantages of genetic algorithms are the fact that these systems go through an iterative which means to solve a problem through many assumptions of an initial guess. This process is used to produce an the best solution. The wellness/fitness function determines calculations from the ones that can be discarded. A disadvantage is the lack of leniency   in the reasoning involved   making it a less than first choice for physicians and clinicians. The obvious challenge in using genetic algorithms is in defining the wellness/fitness criteria. For genetic algorithms to work correctly there must be many factors such as multiple drug use, or multiple therapies. The Bayesian network(BN) is a   graphical representation that shows a set of variables and their probable relationships between illnesses and symptoms. They are based on conditional probabilities, the probability of an event in relation to the probability of another event. Bayes’ rule helps physicians compute the probability of an event with the help of   readily information and it   processes options as new information is presented.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some of the advantages of BN include the knowledge and conclusions of experts in the form of hypothesis, assistance in decision making as new evidence is available and are applicable to many models   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MYCIN(MY) is a CDSS designed to diagnose and recommend treatment for certain blood infections such as meningitis. It has been extended to handle other infectious diseases. MY operated off what physician call if-then statements which means, if certain factors are present then a certain illness is present. It was a goal-directed system, using a sort of reverse thinking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the ordering phase of a clinic or hospital it is important to take all factors into account. The clinicians and physicians must look at what it is they specialize in what CDSS is best for that particular area. Also have CDSS can accommodate for other fields as well. As stated in Ten Commandments for Effective CDSS [Bates et  al.2003],   speed is everything. This means how quickly the CDSS gathers information and formulates a course of treatment. Also stated is the CDSS must fit into the users work flow, no time can be wasted trying to get a machine to de exactly what you want it to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reasons a CDSS may not live up to   clinicians or physicians expectations are abundant. First, a machine is just that a machine it can only do what it is programmed to do. Second, It takes time to learn to use and machine and even after learning operation mistakes do happen. Finally, the thing most machines need and most clinicians and physicians dont have is time, the time to program and operate the machine exactly how they want to it to work. This can conflict with work schedules as well as treatment schedules.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are ways to prevent using a seemingly useless CDSS. The most important thing is results, make sure the CDSS is capable to producing quick accurate results. Other things that should be kept in mind is that staff must be trained to use the machine make sure you have time to do so.   Have the knowledge and ability to use the CDSS to its fullest potential while at the same time produce speedy results. It is stated in   Ten Commandments for Effective CDSS that â€Å"All health professionals in the United States face increasing time pressure and can ill afford to spend even more time seeking bits of information† again meaning peed and time are everything.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In CDSS decision analysis, a decision tree   is a   support tool that uses a graph of decisions and their possible outcomes, including chance possibilities, various treatments, and diseases. A decision tree is used to identify the strategy   to reach a course of action suitable for the patient. Another use of trees is to calculate rare cases of a certain disease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   a decision tree is a predictive model mapping from observations about an item to conclusions about its optimal outcome. Here is an example of a decision tree: In conclusion CDSS can be seen as a very useful tool. They are considered one of the best course of actions in the medical field. Though they may have some setbacks these are easily avoidable with the right information. Thus making CDSS a suitable tool of the health care industry. As long as the clinicians or physicians knows what they need the machine for and its capabilities based of their priorities they are a must have advancement in medical technology. [Bates et  al.2003]Bates, D.  W., Kuperman, G.  J., Wang, S., Gandhi, T., Kittler, A., Volk, L., Spurr, C., Khorasani, R., Tanasijevic, M., and Middleton, B. (2003). Ten commandments for effective clinical decision support: making the practice of evidence-based medicine a reality. J Am Med Inform Assoc, 10(6):523–530. Clinical Decision Support Systems; Wikipedia: The free encyclopedia. (2004, July 22). FL: Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 02/20/09 from wikipedia.org

Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Management - Research Paper Example Several technological advancements have been made in the field of manufacturing affecting the supply chain in different ways. Current application of manufacturing technology in supply chain management and how best the technology can be utilized to improve the supply chain is analyzed in the below discussion. Logistic management is the management of the flow of goods, services and information from source to the desired destination at the lowest possible cost. Through the various stages of transmission, goods and information are faced with various challenges that are a threat to the process. Mismanagement of the logistics can lead to disruption of the supply chain both in the short and the long run. Safety measures in the logistic system determine the effectiveness of the logistic system for a successful supply chain. Among the threats to logistics are increasing with the developments in the market. Risk factors include the unpredictable change in transport and energy costs, higher cost of financing, insolvency of a basic logistic provider, changes in local and international legal requirement and insufficient number of skilled employees in the necessary field (Bielecki & Szymonik 2011) Management of the centralized supply chain is receiving much attention from firms. Firms use customer service measure based on frequency to measure efficiency in the supply chain. The actual measures conducted are the fill rate and stock out rate. These measures indicate the efficiency of the centralized supply chain system. The assumption is that suppliers are able to meet all customer needs and supply the orders as to when required. Advance production is the case with a centralized supply chain to meet customer demand with supply. However, the changes in the market are posing a threat to this system. Given the changes in technology, the supply chain

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 40

Marketing - Essay Example Such beads and jewelry also attract tourists from other countries who come to learn culture and way of life of a group of people. The company will focus on making of quality beads and jewelry which are cheap for locals to buy and attractive to tourists. In order to achieve this, the company will need to purchase various local materials and beads, which will be combined in different colors and proportions to appeal to the customers. The company will be dealing in making of jewelry and beads, which will be used as ornaments, beauty products in the house, decorations in public occasions like weddings and general decorations in offices. The company will need beads shaping machines, firing equipment and a number of workers who will be joining the beads and jewelry to form meaningful shapes and structures. Paints and colors will also be needed to turn the sculptured beads into the desired colors and decorations (Dismore, 15). Market identification is a crucial thing for any business. It is the realization of the different needs of different markets and structuring products so that they can suit every buyer in the market. This phase of business formation is crucial because without good market identification the business will incur loses and eventually fails in operation. The best segmentation technique in the jewelry line of business is the using demographic factors. In this case, an entrepreneur is supposed to consider such factors as age ranges and their concentrations in the market, gender ratios, and its effect in the market, the different ethnic communities in the market, and education levels of the community. Other factors that also need to be considered include the different occupations in the community, the religion and religious views of the community and the income status of the different families in the community (Dismore, 33). This market

Adversarial System vs. Civil Law Essay Example for Free

Adversarial System vs. Civil Law Essay The European civil law system is all about finding the truth, even if a lawyer has to lose the case for their client while doing so. The American adversarial system is about winning, even if it means avoiding and stretching the truth to do so. Civil law has the laws made by the government and the courts apply them, while common law has the judges making the majority of the laws through precedents. The adversarial system uses specific laws, precedents, and legal rules to determine who wins. It allows lawyers to take the truth and spin it into the picture that is the most beneficial to their client. They can use loopholes in the law to keep evidence from being allowed to cause their guilty clients to be punished for what they have done. Once all the talking is done, it is up to twelve people to decide whose lawyer did a better job of convincing them to believe them. See more: Beowulf essay essay The civil system uses general ideas and broad concepts to form the framework for taking the evidence at hand and attempting to determine what the truth is. When the truth is revealed, lawyers do not try to hide it or escape from it, even if they do not like the results. A major disadvantage of this system is that those twelve people from the common law system are only used in major criminal cases, so when the truth is unclear, only a couple people get to determine who is right, and three people can be wrong easier than twelve people in 100% agreement. In my opinion from what I have learned, I believe that the civil law system has an advantage in finding the ideal of the judicial system justice. In the adversarial system, the truth can be avoided, and once it is, there can be no justice. As to the question of whether there are constitutional problems with applying civil laws in the US, the most obvious one is that a jury trial is guaranteed by the Bill of Rights to protect a defendant from being condemned by the voice of one person.

The Internet and the Future of Communication :: Concept Essays

Even the beginning of the day started bad. I got up late for school and, with my luck had a test first hour. After getting to school and taking the test which seemed to be in a different language, I faced unpleasant customers for five long hours at work. Finally, being able to come home, flip of my shoes and sink my feet into our thick carpet was similar to what heaven must be. Switching into a pair of worn sweats and T-shirt I swiveled into the chair in front of my computer. With a press of a few buttons I called up my E-mail. I had a message from my best friend, Lily. Eagerly I called it up. Seemingly knowing of my bad day, she cheered me up instantly by telling me of her even worse day, after all misery loves company. I typed in a short response and decided to ignore the other mail for now. Just imagine the capability offered to a user, being able to hear from anyone this simply. Maybe a person is at work and decide to write a quick letter. This application is called Electronic Mail, commonly known as E-mail. Similar to the mail system, each user has an address. By putting on the address and typing the message, sending business or personal mail is quick and easy. With more and more computer networks acquiring use to the Internet even more communication will be possible. Information would be only a touch of a key away. So what exactly is the Internet? The Internet is a worldwide web of universities, business, commercial, military and science networks (Laquey 7). The networks function separately but with the Internet they can also function together. All of the information one of the networks supplies (and is willing to give out) is available to all of the other networks. This gives an amazing amount of access to an individual user who is hooked into one of these networks. Individual users, not part of a network, can receive the Internet capabilities by subscribing to a network connected to the Internet. Usually, the networks that supply an Internet connection are commercial. Locally, an example is Prodigy. This is a network, that in itself, provides many resources and can give single users access to the Internet. Personally, Prodigy has created keeping in touch with my friends at college an easier task.

Comparative Analysis †Elie Wiesel and Hilary Rodham Clinton Essay

The two speeches orated by Elie Wiesel and Hilary Rodham Clinton were delivered in 1995 to influence change. Wiesel’s, ‘Listen to the silent screams’ was delivered at Auschwitz. World leaders and survivors listened as he influenced the audience to act upon racial hatred and religious extremism. Clinton delivered her speech at the United Nations 4th conference on Women’s Rights Plenary Session in Beijing. This is ironic given China’s poor record for human rights violations, particularly against females. Delegates and women from all over the world came to hear her rebuttal, ‘Women’s rights are human rights’. Both Wiesel’s and Clinton’s speeches are relevant today as both their aspirations of human rights for all have not yet been fully realised. Both speakers broadcast their message by addressing the audience through exhibiting their authority and rhetorical devices. Both speakers establish authority and credibility for themselves as speakers and for their cause in different ways. Wiesel is authoritative as he has lived through the Holocaust, whereas Clinton is authoritative as she is an active feminist. Wiesel addresses his audience by using personal pronouns to create equality, â€Å"I speak to you as a man, who 50 years and nine days ago had no name, no hope, no future and was known only by his number, A7713†. This statistical information shows the formality of the occasion and establishes that being in Auschwitz has influenced his view on humanity. He â€Å"has seen what humanity has done to itself by trying to exterminate an entire people and inflict suffering and humiliation and death on so many others. Wiesel does not specifically identify one group of people for doing this; he influences the audience to understand whole of humanity was responsible for Auschwitz. Contrastingly, Clinton establishes her authority by being female, by being indefatigable, and by speaking to and for women from all over the world. She states, â€Å"Over the past 25 years I have worked persistently on issues relating to women, children and families. † This shows she is serious about women’s right, it is something she strongly believes in, and her commitment to the cause is absolute. Clinton has worked on women’s rights for â€Å"the past 25 years†. Not only is she committed, in addition she brings experience. By listing countries in which she has talked to mothers about their issues, â€Å"I have met new mothers in Indonesia†¦ Denmark†¦ South Africa†¦ India†¦ Bangladesh†¦ Belarus†¦ Ukraine†¦ Chernobyl†¦ †, she highlights her credibility to appear influential and qualified to act as a voice on their behalf. She has met mothers who are voiceless, now she has the responsibility to speak out, to be the one voice that is heard. Both speakers establish their authority by validating their cause and using rhetorical devices . Wiesel uses emotive language and imagery, whereas Clinton appeals to fact. Imagery is used in Wiesel’s speech to capture the surreality of the Holocaust. Clinton uses fact to update the audience with reality of the world, and influences the audience with statistical information. Wiesel uses representative figures of mothers and old men and women, â€Å"Listen to the silent screams of terrified mothers, the prayers of anguished old men and women. † The use of the emotively loaded adjectives ‘terrified’ and ‘anguished’ shows the reader their vulnerability. Prayers’, shows helplessness and desperation as there was nothing they could do but hope. Their prayers went unanswered, as did the silent screams. Wiesel uses anaphora and imperative to influence the reader the dead have never been laid to rest, â€Å"Listen to the tears of children, Jewish children, a beautiful little girl among them, with golden hair, whose vulnerable tenderness has never left me. † Wiesel influences the audience to pity the children, the most innocent of mankind. He achieves this by describing a representative figure who stands for all Jewish children. Through the description of, ‘vulnerable tenderness’ he emphasises the frailty and innocence of children, while showing that this was brutally crushed. There was no mercy. The weak were tormented, the most innocent were sentenced to a death both unimaginable and undignified, â€Å"Look and listen as they quietly walk towards dark flames so gigantic that the planet itself seemed in danger. † The metaphor shows the quantity and mass of the deaths, that people were being murdered on such a large scale that it seemed as if the whole world would be consumed. In contrast to Wiesel, Clinton used statistics throughout her speech to underline the importance of women’s rights. Statistics were used to give the reader an idea of scale, â€Å"Women comprise more than half the world’s population, 70% of the world’s poor, and two-thirds of those who are not taught to read and write. † Incorporating researched data gives realism and urgency. When statistics are used the audience is able to comprehend what is happening and who is involved. By using examples Clinton is telling the audience it should not be a problem as it involves at least half of the world’s population. Clinton gives examples from all over the world of what is happening, one of them being, â€Å"It is a violation of human rights when babies are denied food, or drowned, or suffocated, or their spines broken, simply because they are born girls†. Notice in this it is not only stated as a violation of women’s rights, but a violation of human rights. We are human, and we have rights. The violence needs to stop; in the name of humanity as a whole. Both Wiesel and Clinton are telling the world through the power of rhetoric, that change is needed. These speeches are relevant and persistent today. The issue of effectively opposing religious fanaticism, racial hate, and building gender equality have enduring relevance in all countries. With, â€Å"†¦ let us stop the bloodshed in Bosnia, Rwanda and Chechnia; the vicious and ruthless terror attacks against Jews in the Holy Land†, Wiesel is saying humanity has turned on itself before, and suffered before, yet we have not learned. He commands we must â€Å"reject and oppose more effectively religious fanaticism and racial hate†. Allow the Holocaust to be the past, Wiesel urges we must focus on a safer future for our children so that the millions who died in the Holocaust did not do so in vain. Clinton speaks to the world, urging the importance of gender equality, â€Å"Even now, in the late 20th century, the rape of women continues to be used as an instrument of armed conflict†. In this she gives an example of why gender equality needs to occur by giving an example of what is happening today. Both speakers influence the audience through exhibiting their authority and use of power, they show that these issues are pressing and cannot be ignored.